Academic Research Akunna Onyedum

ASPECTS OF THE PHONOLOGY OF GUNGANCHI lingual communi regurgitateion BABATUNDE, Oluwatobi Olayemi 07/15CB045 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE p fine art OF linguistics AND NIGERIAN LANGUAGES, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN ILORIN NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE detail OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (B. A. Hons) IN LINGUISTICS MAY, 2011. CERTIFICATION This es register has been read and okay as seemlying the require handsts of De fragmentment of philology and Nigerian phrases, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. _________________________________________________ DR. (MRS. ) B. E. AROKOYODATE Project Supervisor ________________________________________________ PROF. A. S. ABDUSSALAMDATE read/write head of Department _________________________________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINERDATE DEDICATION This recover out drub is dedicated to the Almighty idol, the of import and Omega, who gives wisdom and excellence. My dear father, Engr. O. A. Falade, who has been t present for me up till this clipping. You argon my hero. whitethorn God retort you. ACKNOLWEDGEMENTS My pro prepargon gratitude goes to the Lord for comprehend me by my studies at the University of Ilorin. He has been the alpha and Omega, my help, inspiration and the source of knowledge and wisdom.He al ane deserves my appreciation. Also, my gratitude goes to my drive inly p atomic outlet 18nts, ENGR. AND MRS. O. A. FALADE for their love, c atomic number 18, advice, guidance and for providing for in whole my cultureal needs. The Almighty God whollyow gr emmet you long life, and enable you to pull the fruits of your labour (Amen). You ar the best p bents in the world, I love you dearly. I overly con attituder the great efforts of my able supervisor, Dr. (Mrs. ) B. E. Arokoyo, who compass point me through in my inquiry operate, she gave me her time and m anformer(a)(prenominal)ly assistance despite the inconvenience. May the Lo rd be with you and reward you (Amen). I similarly appreciate all my lecturers.I want to in the interchangeables of universener appreciate the love and prayers of my kid brother BABATUNDE JOHN TEMITOPE. And my aunts Mrs. O. Y. Philips and shake off Olushola Faniyi. I also want to appreciate the effort of Ogunbiyi Abayomi. You all realize been wonderful. My in a elevateder placeboard gratitude goes to my allegeant Corporal Labbo Alkali who helped me in acquiring all necessary breeding well-nigh Gunganchi. May the Lord reward you richly (Amen). Also, I appreciate my friends Bak atomic number 18 Bimbo, Olagbenro Bola, Dikko Oluwaseun, Adebayo Funke, Saka Tokunbo, Ogunbowale Tobi, Adekoya Oluwaseun, Ajagunna Gideon, Ba mid(prenominal)dleele Bukola, Oyeniran Gbolagade Adebayo Adewale.I also appreciate the effort of my pastor, diplomatic minister Tunde and those who give panache in champion air or the other contri yet ifed to the success of this question. give thanks yo u all. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgements iv Table of Con disco biscuittsvi CHAPTER ONE 1. 0Introduction 1 1. 1General minimise1 1. 2Historical Backg number of Gunganchi People2 1. 3Sociocultural Background or Profile of the Gunganchi People4 1. 4Genetic categorisation of Gunganchi10 1. 5Scope and Organization of Study 11 1. 6 entropy Collection12 1. 7Data synopsis13 1. 8Review of the elect Theoretical Framework13 CHAPTER TWO BASIC phonologic CONCEPTS . 0Introduction 21 2. 1 phonology21 2. 2 sizeable Inventory of Gunganchi24 2. 3 phonologic Description of Gunganchi Consonants and their dissemination 28 2. 4Vowels42 2. 5Distribution of Vowels45 2. 6Distribution of Nasalized Vowels51 2. 7Tonal Inventory54 2. 8Syllable Inventory 56 2. 9Distinctive Features 59 CHAPTER THREE phonologic PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. 0Introduction 70 3. 1 phonologic Processes70 CHAPTER FOUR TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0Introduction 78 4. 1T aneness arrangement in Gunganchi78 4. 2 lasts of T angiotensin converting enzyme in Gunganchi82 4. 3Tonal Processes83 4. 4Syllable anatomical organise85 4. 5Syllable complex body part Rule in Gunganchi89CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND endpoint 5. 0Summary93 5. 1Finding/Observations94 5. 2Recommendations95 5. 3Conclusion96 References97 CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 adit This chapter is aimed at establishing the eccentric person speculate of the Gungawa deal who s bloom of youth Gunganchi verbiage. It give spot their general stickerground, historic background, sociocultural visibleness, the genic sorting of Gunganchi speech. This chapter result also discuss the scope and organization of study, the chosen a priori comp unrivallednt part model, entropy appealingness, and the selective information synopsis for this run small moldion work. 1. 1GENERAL rangeThe Gunganchi hoi polloi atomic number 18 a community t chapeau argon also called t he Bargonshe throng by their Hausa neighbours which means Island Dwellers, it was t h unityst-to-goodness they were abandvirtuosod this name due to their sloppedness to lakes and rivers. Among themselves, they be comm b arly called Gungawa, Tsureja, B arshe or Yaurawa population. Their verbiage has incompatible names kindred Gunganchi, Tsureshe, Gunga or Tsureja and the name habituated over to their land is every Reshe or Gungu. The accede Gunganchi battalion atomic number 18 the tribe who fled to the near Island of Niger in the mid nineteenth mavin C and eventually settled in a new site called Gungu or Yelwa.The Gunganchi plenty be verbalize to be the passkey inhabitants of Yauri. During the British regime, the nominate of Yauri as an emirate and the state of Yelwa as the seat of the ameer of Yauri support that twain Yauri and Yelwa became Hausarized as a termination of their contact with the Hausa people. Today, the Yauri people speak by and large Hau sa vocabulary. The Gunganchi people lived in islets (very small islands) and shores of the Niger preceding(prenominal) Bussa until the creation of Kainji Lake in 1974 which disrupted their catch and their living outside Kebbi decl be. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GUNGANCHI mint jibe to oral history, the Gunganchi people has take issueent histories that has been narrated which associated with their origin that pass on be discussed be low-pitched. In the nineteenth century, a numberent of a warrior called kasira who is also cognize as Kachin allied with the Hausa soldiers to conquer the territory in the extreme North who later settled with his co-fighters in the present Yauri town. A aboriginal talker of Gunganchi who is cognise as Agmalafiya opine that the Gunganchi people came from Kabbawa.He say they were hunters from Katsina State and further explained that rough people persuade the Gunganchi people argon from the other Yauris heathenish groups which atomic nu mber 18 Shangawa, Kambari, Kabbawa or Sarkawa, Dukawa etcetera A nonher history told us of their cutaneous senses to the Songhai warriors who came from Mali to seek territorial control and they eventually settled in Yauri and split of Lopa and Laru (Gunganchis neighbouring argonas). From the histories narrated above, it is obvious that the Gunganchi people has no special history concerning their origin.They are divergent in their historical get backs. 1. 2. 1Population The Gunganchi people were about forty to sixty thousand in 1993. near thrity- quintette percent lived outside Yauri topical anaesthetic anaesthetic enceinte medication in Kebbi State, sixty percent lived in Yauri town, nine percent in Kotangora, Bussa and Borgu local Government and one percent in Kiama Local Government Area in Kwara State. Back to 1990, the population of the verbaliser schemes in Yauri were referred to as Yaurawa or Reshewa in Hausa nomenclature.According to Agmalafiya who was mentioned earlier, the Gunganchi people were called Yaurawa by Queen Amina of Zaria but in general called Gungawa among the Gunganchi in Diaspora and virtuallytimes call themselves Bareshe, which is the plural, or Ureshe, which is the singular. 1. 3SOCIOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OR PROFILE OF THE GUNGANCHI PEOPLE According to the Oxford travel Leaners Dictionary, cultivation is the sort of life, the customs and beliefs, art and social organization of a particular pro aspect country or group. The Gunganchi people generate a social and cultural profile that is similar to that of their neighbouring ethnic group, Hausa.It is verbalize that their life-style is centered on the Emirates system. The Gunganchi people confine their sociocultural beliefs which are convey in their culture, mode of browse, military control, religion, feasts, marriage system, assigning honoring, burial solemnity, their education system and semi governmental administration. 1. 3. 1Culture The Bareshe (Gunganchi ) people are elevated gearly well-bred which reflect in their mode of dressing, greetings, occupation and body adornment like decorating the wo piece of musics legs with tattoos and sedate tribal marks on her face during the wedding ceremony. . 3. 2Mode of Dressing The Gunganchi peoples mode of dressing in the remote days is diffe take a dash from their dressing in these modern days. In the olden days, they apply to dress in brute skin, spell in these modern days, they dress in Banbariga which is the traditional dress for men trance the women dress in issue stewed c haulagehing with a topical anesthetic embroidery scarf which is tied much or less the wo gentlemans gentlemans body to wade off the sun. They are loosely urbane in loose robe for relaxation. 1. 3. 3 contrast The Gunganchi people are in general farmers and leanermen.Their major crops are dago edible corn, beans, rice, and onions while the fishing equipment which is a fish confine is called Suru and H auwuya in Gunganchi manner of speaking. The people are also known for their raiseoe and mat reservation. 1. 3. 4 Religion The Gunganchi people are nighly Muslims and few traditional worshippers and very humble Christians. 1. 3. 5Festivals The festivals done in Gunganchi are called Anipo festival and Idembe. Festival. The blood of living creatures like goat or bushmeat is rehearse as sacrifices to their matinee idols during the festival.During the festival, a round seat is created by the people when eating. such(prenominal) sittings are also gained at events like wedding, naming ceremony, sallah festival and at relaxation joints. 1. 3. 6 Marriage body of the Gunganchi People The Gunganchi has a distinct expressive style by which marriage is done. It show ups a va give nonicet man quite a littlenot sweep up all Gunganchi doll beca theatrical role marriage is said to be a bit difficult nearly whimsically for the men. Firstly, a man essential in material body his parents if he is in love with a wench. thence, the mans parents must(prenominal) dissemble their sons interest known to the ladys parents.He impart then farm for the ladys family he in ten-spotds to marry from before giving their consent. The farming duration is not specified, the man is said to stop the farming when ladys father is satisfied and the utmost consent go a substance be given to the mans family. The ladys family leading then in human body his relatives officially about their daughters lawsuit with the man before the wedding age is chosen. According to Muauzu, the marriage or fight ceremony is ground on Muslim rites whitherby the bride price (Zadaki) leave alone be paid. The bride will be decorated with tattoos on her legs and heavy tribal marks on her face.Foods eaten at the ceremony are guinea corn teat, which is served in the morning and rice with fish soup and burukutu is served at dusk. Their sitting position is think to that of the festivals as ment ioned earlier they sit round a dish of guinea corn pap on a mat, their sitting culture is the analogous with the Hausas. Hence, the Gunganchi people inter marry with the Hausas. 1. 3. 7Naming Ceremony The Gunganchi do their naming ceremony seven days after the youngsters birth and its hair will be s stoold. Rice or guinea corn pap is served at the ceremony with people sitting round the food. in that locationfore, the fry will be circumcised after ten long time. 1. 3. 8Burial Ceremony Like most tribes, the Gunganchi hold the remnant of aged someone and lament the death of a young person. They check sudden or unusual death by consulting the oracle called Gigo (true god) or Ujigo (a god of th under and rain). The oracle will stick the spirit of the deceased to revenge for his or her death by killing the person who is responsible for his or her death. However, this practice is peculiar to the local or extreme Gunganchi people. 1. 3. 9Education corpseThe Gunganchi value the He sperian education, they give education to both their male and female tykeren. They break schools they also make use of their in the flesh(predicate) provides as schools. 1. 3. 10 Political validation The Gunganchi adopted the system of their neighboring tribe (Hausa) which is the Emirates system because it is a multiethnic area that consist Yelwa, Lopa, Yauri, Laru people which co-exist with them. The Emirs palace is situated in Yelwa, gum olibanum, the Gunganchi are the first settlers in Yauri. The establish Emir is the chancer of all the ethnic groups under Yauri.During the British regime, recognition was given to the Yauri emirate and Gungu (Island) district of the Yauri Local Government which are now the center of Reshe (Gunganchi) population. In the political administration of the Gunganchi people, succession is not by hereditary because the Emir must be appointed, despite the event that a Gunganchi man was the first Emir of Yauri. The Emir must be in possession of s ome qualities before he bath get on be appointed, like he must be an elderly person, known and respected among the ethnic groups make up of Yauri.When a new Emir is appointed, turbaning will be done as a sign of leadership. The Emir rules the territory with his local chiefs called Sariki in areas like Gungunsariki, Banha, Rekubolo, Toro, Zamari, Jalubabu etc. Presently, the Local Government Chairman is responsible for the executive director occasion of Yauri and other governmental activities are executed by the Kebbi State Government. However, most of the Gunganchi people are bilingual, (they speak both Gunganchi and Hausa) but the majority speaks Gunganchi at inhabitancy especially the youths. thitherfrom, the verbiage of the emirate is Hausa with luxuriously prestige. . 4GENETIC sort OF GUNGANCHI Genetic mixture is the sub-grouping of all relevant addresss into genic nodes (group of languages in each of which one language is much(prenominal) closely colligate to the other in that group than to each language outside the group). The basis for inherited classification is the idea that group of languages that role trusted systemic resemblances have acquire those similarities from a common origin. Thus, genetic classification makes dickens statements. First, it affirms that certain languages are in sport link up to each other (i. e. hare a common ancestor). Second, it specifies how the languages are interrelated in the form of a branching diagram. Gunganchi language falls under the Niger-Kordofanian language family. Afri faecal payoff Language Afro-AsiaticNiger KordofanianNilo SaharanKhoisan MandeNew Benue Congo AtlanticVolta Congo Kordofanian OkoDefoidKainjiIdomoidEdoidWolof Western KainjiEastern Kainji KamukuKainji LakeGunganchi (Gungawa)KambariBassaLopa 1. 5SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF STUDY This work is turf outional to the aspects of the phonemics of Gunganchi language and it is split into five chapters.Chapter one deals with the i ntroductory part, which includes the general background, historical background, sociocultural profile of Gunganchi people, genetic classification of Gunganchi language, scope and organization of study, data arrangement, data analysis and the polish of the chosen theory- rig framework. Chapter devil deals with the introductory phonological concepts that involves the rifle livestock of Gunganchi language w hereby the brisk caudex and syllable enrolment of the language of study shall be discussed and the vigorous diffusions which includes classifiable gass.Chapter one-third is base on the phonological butt againstes instal in Gunganchi language. then, chapter quaternity will heighten on the refreshing and syllable processes of Gunganchi language. Chapter five will resume and conclude the work. 1. 6DATA COLLECTION In this research work, the system use for our data collection is the direct translation method from side of meat language to the project language whi ch is Gunganchi base on the Ibadan 400 rule booklist. There was a direct interview with the language helper, thus, data installation was carried out with the playscriptlist recorded on audio cassette.Informants Data NameCorporal Labbo Alkali OccupationSoldier Age 40 years ReligionMuslim Languages spoken aside from Gunganchi Hausa and English Number of years exhausted in Reshe (Gunganchi) 20 years 1. 7DATA synopsis To ensure an accurate data analysis in this research work, all the data collected were carefully and correctly written, scent marked and transcribed. The data collected were used according to how the subjective speaker used them without imposing either extra rules or norms. 1. REVIEW OF THE CHOSEN THEORETICAL material The framework adopted for this research work is generative phonology, which was developed by Chomsky and Halle in the early 1950s it is a piece of generative grammar. This framework assigns the correct phonetic facsimiles to utterances in such a way as to reflect a inhering speakers internalized grammar. According to Oyebade (2008 9), reproductive Phonology is a theory which is built on the insight of systematic phonemics even while remodeling the condense of phonological analysis.The major motivation for this theoretical framework was the clash amidst theoretical effronterys and linguistic data under the theory of definitive (taxonomic) phonemics. Generative phonemics took off at maximum speed in the 1960s, pursuance the works of Chomsky and Halle (published in 1968 as Sound Pattern of English (SPE). This theory argues that the taxonomic approach of classical phonemics was not adequate sufficiency to address appropriately the phenomenon of clement speech communication.The proponents of this new school of phonemics suggest that an adequate theory of phonology must account for a) The phenomenon of language attainment b) The confuse fact that man stinkpot still under refuse the speech of some other(preno minal)(prenominal) even when this speech is risky and c) The immanent speakers intuition about the physical make-up of the speech of his language. 1. 8. 1The twist of Generative Phonology Generative phonology digests three very crucial components the inherent pattern, the phonetic theatrical and the rules which link the 2 together that is called the phonological rules.These components will be reviewed on a lower floor. 1. 8. 1. 1 pro constitute government agency Oyebade (2008 12) assumes underlie representation to be an abs footpath representation existing in the linguistic competence of the native speaker. The fundamental representation is the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. Underlying representation shows what a native speaker knows about the abs portion underlying phonology of the language. At this level, peaks with invariant consequence have similar representation.The underlying representation is also known as the ph onological representation, thus, the ability (competence) of a native speaker to compute a designate is referred to as the phonological representation and this competence dope be scientifically investigated. There is an assumption of an underlying level where in that location is a one-to-one correspondence among form and meaning and which is exactly the very(prenominal) from one competent speaker to other which explains the puzzling reaction of children in the acquisition process.Since the child shares the equivalent competence (and therefore the aforementioned(prenominal) underlying representation) as the adult, it is reasonable to assume that the child will expect the similar outfit as the adult will expect. The child may not be able to get such an output since his labor capability is slower in the acquisition process than his competence. The assumption of an underlying representation which accounts for the rapid processing of defective scuttlebutt.Both interlocutors have a overlap competence which is accurate and invariant the decoder part participant thus has a proto vitrine with which he can reconstitute the defective utterance of the encoder. Also, the underlying representation has the property of universe encoded in typical features (these features will be discussed in the succeeding(prenominal) chapter). This assumption is motivated by the fact that language seems to target these features in making its choices rather than components. 1. 8. 1. 2 The Phonetic Representation The phonetic representation is the form of a word that is spoken and heard. It is also known as the surface level.Phonological structure reflects the linguistic competence of the native speaker to compute a phonetic representation for the potentially infinite number of sentences generated by the syntactic component of the grammar. We can say that there is no speaker of a language that has heard all the sentences in his language but speaker has the ability to underst and any sentence heard. Phonetic representation indicates how the lexical item is to be complete in speech. It is characterized by degree of narrowness such that, at the very least(prenominal), any devil ponderouss that are distinguished in any human language are polarly represented.Generative phonology seems to consider this level as being trivial and not expenditure too much attention except, peradventure as a source for the stoppage and justification of the proposed underlying representation. 1. 8. 13 Phonological Rules Phonological rules map underlying representation onto phonological representations. They delete, insert, or change components, or change the features of fractions. They are said to show the derivational sequence or room of an item in its journey from the underlying level to the phonetic level. They must be able to capture the phonological phenomenon in the simplest form.There are dickens lineaments of rules in phonological rules feature ever-changing r ules and rest period rules. The feature changing rules change the features of the input to that of the output. However, the other kind of rules called allayer rules are rules, as the name implies, which fill in empty slots. Phonological rules have to be precise in a scientific account of linguistic phenomena. It was therefore suggested that the rules should have their own format. For instance, a rule can say insert a in high spirits front vowel sound weighty sound between a cluster of concordants and we can have another rule which says insert a high front vowel after a word-final exam concordant.These rules can be formalized thus a. O(i/C____C b. O(i/C____ As you can observe from the formalization of the cardinal rules, they are very(a) in input and output. Further much, they have a lot of similarities in the environment. If the rules are left like this, that is, as both separate rules, the implied take up will be that these are two separate and distinct processes. This is intuitively wrong and it loses a lingually evidentiary generalization. These two rules can then be collapsed into one and to capture the linguistically significant fact that we are dealing with the identical process.Thus (a) and (b) can be combined as in (c) below C c. O(i/C that is, a high front vowel is inserted either between two consonants or after a consonant at word final position. In phonological rules, note of handal devices are applied. They are conventions which make it viable to combine distinct but related phonological rules in a case-by-case statement rules may be collapsed in this way lone(prenominal) if they involve the same process. In other spoken communication, notational devices are abbreviation conventions aimed at reducing several rules into one. The advise is to present more than economically the facts of language.There are notational devices like brace notation (), angled bracket notation (), inconsistent features or alpha notation ((), eightf old variable notation ((,(, ? , etc. ). The role of these devices is to make it possible for the phonologists to precisely and unequi free-spokenly state in rule form and the process that is taking place in language when a pattern is find. Secondly, it makes linguistiscally significant generalizations and engages about the way language works. Finally, and perhaps most trivially, it volunteers a shorthand abbreviatory method by which a complex process can be captured as soon as possible.CHAPTER TWO BASIC PHONOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 2. 0INTRODUCTION This chapter is based on the phonology of Gunganchi language. The effective inventory which involves the refreshing inventory and the syllable inventory will be discussed. It also focuses on the proficient distribution of Gunganchi language where the distinctive features will be discussed. 2. 1PHONOLOGY According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 2), phonology deals with how speech sounds are organized into system for each individual langua ge for causa how the sounds can be combined, the tellings between them and how they affect each other.In phonology, the root phone relates to illustration, sound and tidings which means word speech originates from the Greek spoken language. Phonology as a subfield of linguistics is the study of the rules behind the way sounds encode meaning in language. Also, it is the study of sounds and patterns in a language. It can be said that phonology seeks to discern the sounds made in all human languages. In addition, phonology studies how sounds alternate that is the nominal meaningful sounds which are PHONEMES. However, phonemes are sets of phones, which proceed as one unit in a language, and provide contrast between disaccordent run-in.It is also a sound segment of manner of speaking or syllables. In human language, a phoneme is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning. The phonemic inventory of a language is the set of phonemes it possesses. In the IPA (Interna tional Phonetic Alphabets), phonemes are conventionally wrap in forward sashes (//) and speech sounds that are not phonemes are placed in brackets ( ). For character, the /t/ sound in the English language tip, stand, cat and water are conceived of as being the same sound, despite the fact that in each word they are sound out somewhat differently the passing may not even be clunky to native speakers.One of the most serious tools for examining phonemes is the minimal pair which means different words but differ as a result of one sound, that is, a pair of words which differ only in one segment. In a minimal pair, one can be sure that the difference between words is phonemic in nature, because the segments in dubiousness are sur go by the same environment and this cannot be allophones of each other. posers of minimal pair in Gunganchi are ut(i guide at(i firewood hinacow winatail uretaright(side) upetamedicine kwubanoh over strewing kwubalohclose itamiapush igamiasweep A phonem e may encompass several placeable different speech sounds called PHONES. In phonetics, the smallest palpable segment is a phone. In the examples utter earlier, the /t/ in tip is aspirated th, while the /t/ in stand is unaspirated t. Thus, phones that hold out to the same phonemes are called allophones such as th and t are allophones of the phoneme /t/ given in the examples given earlier. Allophones are often teach by their environment.For example, the English phoneme /t/ is realized as a tap r between vowels in normal speech when not preceeding a stressed vowel as in butter. In a case like this we can say that the stop t and tap r which are allophones of the phoneme /t/ are in complementary distribution, as every environment selects for either one or the other, and the allophones themselves may be referred to as COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION. 2. 2SOUND store OF GUNGANCHI Human sounds can be separate into two basic classes whereby they are embed in Gunganchi. They are 1. Consona nts 2. Vowels 2. . 1Consonants Consonants are sounds produced with an breastwork of the air passage somewhere along the vocal tract. A consonant in impairment of sound exertion is a sound which is obstructed in some way by the expression or lip contact e. g. in Gunganchi, sounds like /k/, /p/ as in /k/(ka? inareply /p/(puteta blockade as opposed to the unobstructed sound of a vowel. Consonant sounds require a certain degree of constriction of the vocal tract in their production, therefore, at some point, diverting, impeding or completely end off the airflow of air in the oral cavity.This constriction of the vocal tract may involve complete closure or over annotation closure. In terms of the sound system, the consonant is a sound that typically occurs at the beginning or end of the syllable rather than in the tenderness of it, thus contrasting with vowels. Thus, the organs of speech that obstruct at some point in the oral cavity are known as the articulators. From the glottis , past the velum, the aphonic palate and dental consonant ridge and the spittle, to the teeth and lips.The consonant sounds are classified by a) Voicing b) Place of vox c) direction of articulation 2. 2. 1. 1 Voicing Consonants may be delicate or voiceless. As the airstream complys to or from the lungs, it passes through the disruption between the glottis. If the vocal stack are open, the air passes through without obstruction and the sounds that are made in this way, are exposit as voiceless. If the vocal cords closed, then the air passing through the glottis causes them to vibrate producing voiced sounds. whatever of the consonant sounds in Gunganchi come in pairs that differ in being voiced or voiceless e. g. /b/ and /p/ ( /b/ is voiced and /p/ is the voiceless consonant in one pair. /k/ and /g/ are found in another pair, /k/ is voiceless and the voiced sound is /g/. Also, it applied to /d/ and /t/, /d/ is voiced while /t/ is the voiceless consonant which forms another pair. 2. 2. 1. 2 Place of juncture It is the point of articulation where both the active and passive articulators meet or contact to produce the desired consonant.hither, we have to do with the position of the tongue and lips. The places of articulation in Gunganchi are bilabial, dental consonant palato- dental, velar consonant, labial-velar, palatal, glottal, palatalize velars and alveolar, labialized-alveolar and velars. 2. 2. 1. 3 Manner of Articulation Manner of articulation makes reference to the type of stricture which the articulators are making to produce the consonant sounds. The obstructions made may be total, intermittent, partial or narrow enough to cause friction.The manners of articulation in Gunganchi are stop, adenoidal, fricative, affricate, trill, lateral and approximant. However, it is observed that there is the presence of consonant clusters in Gunganchi language that is consonants occurring together side by side e. g. riaddamatchet ubalkarimale kwa take(on e thing) Thus, the consonants presented in Gunganchi are /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /tw/ /dw/ /dj/ /k/ /g/ /kw/ /gw/ kj/ /gj/ /gb/ /r/ /m/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /(/ /h/ /hj/ /ts/ /t(/ /? // /l/ /j/ /w/ /r/. 2. 2. 2. 1 Gunganchi Consonant Chart bilabial Alveolar Labialized Palatalize Palate-alveolar Palatal velar consonant alveolar alveolar High + - - - - - + first-class honours degree - - - + - - - outrage - - - - + + + ATR + + - - - + + 2. 9. 4Segment wordiness for Gunganchi ConsonantsRedundancy is the article of belief that helps in predicting some features from the presence of other features thus, the feature that predicts the feature of the other is said to be trim. Gunganchi language attest to a number of features that are completely predictable at all stages of derivation. All the redundant features are expressed as fill-in rule or if then. However, the output of the phonological components must specify all feature in such a way that it indicates necessary features used in deriv ation. i)If+ syll indeed+ son cons ii)If+ cons thusly+ voice strid iii)If+ ant Then+ cons iv)If+ nas Then- cont strid + voice + son 2. 9. 5Segment Redundancy for Gunganchi Vowels i e ( a ? o u High + - (-) (-) (-) - + Low (-) - - + (-) (-) (-) Round - - - (-) + + + ATR (+) + - (-) - + (+) All of the predictable redundancies can be expressed as fill-in rules which are also called if then segment structure constraints as done for consonants above. i)If+ high Then- low ii)If+ low Then- high iii)If+ high Then+ ATR iv) If+ round Then- low v)If+ low Then- round vi)If+ low Then- ATR vii)If+ ATR Then- low viii)If- ATR Then- highHowever, redundancies come from any of two sources the first is the attempt to express the physiological possibilities (or impossibilities) of the vocal organs. For example, the constraints if + high then - low makes the claim that the tongue cannot be raised and bring down at the same time. In other words, if the tongue is raised then it is not lowered a nd if it is lowered then it is not raised. Since the physiological possibilities of the human vocal tract is universal to all human beings, this type of redundancy is a universal one. The bite source comes from the fact that languages do not always maximally utilize all combinatorial possibilities logically expected when features come together. CHAPTER THREE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN GUNGANCHI 3. INTRODUCTION This chapter will be discussing the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language. 3. 1PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Phonological processes are sound modifications motivated by the need to declare euphony in a language or to rectify violations of well-formedness constraints in the production of an utterance. (Oyebade 2008 61). Segments are either within the same morpheme or at morpheme boundary under various conditions may undergo certain changes. Therefore, these changes are known as phonological processes. Environment within which sounds occur may affect changes. The phonolog ical processes in Gunganchi are 3. 1. 1AssimilationAccording to Oyebade (2008 63), acculturation is when two adjacent sounds which have different modes of production begin identical in some or all of the features of their production. Assimilation is the modification of sounds in the direction of greater similarity to the contact phonological environment (Langacker 1972 270). Assimilation may be either partial or total. Tonal assimilation is the converting of the changing segment to become identical to other segment and assimilation may be partial such that only some features of the changing consonant (or vowel) becomes identical with that of the initiating segment. Examples of assimilation in Gunganchi ugikaugjka dishfulIn the above example, the voiced velar stop bears the feature high of the vowel i. It is observed that when the voiced velar stop occur before a high unrounded front vowel, it becomes palatalized which shows assimilation has taken place. cont+ syll ant(high_____ _____- back cor- round + voice+ high unununumouth anuhinanuhiteeth In the examples above, vowels take on the feature of the alveolar nasal consonant. Thus, vowel becomes nasalized before alveolar nasal. + syll- cont -cons(+ nas__________+ ant + cor + nas 3. 1. 2Vowel Elision Vowel elision is another common phonological process. According to Oyebade (2008 69), vowels are usually deleted when two or more vowels occur across morpheme boundary.When such an occurrence is introduced by morphological processes, the language may choose to drop the first or the second of the contiguous vowels. Examples in Gunganchi are itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua buy enclothebuy (a) shoe ikabiauwapo ( ikabiuwapo money househouse rent However, it is observed that low back unrounded vowels are deleted at morpheme boundary if the next morpheme begins with a vowel. + syll+ syll + low(O___________- cons + back round 3. 1. 3Labialisation Labialisation is the super-imposition of liprounding on a segment in such a way that the feature of a vowel now attaches to the consonant articulated (Oyebade 2008 66).Examples of labializationin Gunganchi language are utw? haear rotwuaneck abakjrdwolaanimal ndwuwaperson The alveolar kale t and d that are not naturally, they labialized take on the feature of the rounded vowels. We can therefore, say that alveolar stops become labialized before back rounded vowels. cont+ syll + ant(lab_____________+ back + cor+ rounded other examples of labialization are igbagwua pepper ugwohuakolanut ribulukwucooking alokwotwo snail It is also observed that velar stops k and g become labialized before back rounded vowels. cont+ syll ant(+lab_____________+ back cor+ round 3. 1. 4PalatalisationAccording to Oyebade (2009 65), palatalisation is the super-imposition of tongue raising on a segment. Here are examples in Gunganchi language ugjikabag akjikwamillet inagjipull gjiranadescend In the above examples, velar stops are palatalized before high vowel. cont+ syll an t(+ high_____________+ high cor 3. 1. 5 origination Oyebade (2008 74) states that Insertion is a phonological process whereby an rectangular element not present to begin with is introduced into the utterance usually to break up unwanted sequence. Examples in Gunganchi are shown below. upowabetatsunia(upowabetatsunia ten +oneeleven upowabetat(zuwa(upowabetat(zuwa ten +sixsixteen alosobetatsunia(alosobetatsunia twenty +onetwenty one alosobetajisoh(alosobetajisoh twenty +twotwenty two 1. 3. 6Nasalisation Nasalisation is a process whereby an oral segment acquires nasality from a neighbouring segment (Katamba 1989 93). Nasalisation is significant in Gunganchi, for instance matsunih? surpass ijisee tsunia one udaga stick Therefore, vowels become nasalised before alveolar nasal, that is + syll- cont cons(+ nas_____________+ ant + cor + nas CHAPTER FOUR TONAL PROCESSES AND SYLLABLE PROCESSES 4. 0INTRODUCTION This Chapter will be discussing the tactile sensation system and the processes found in Gunganchi language.It will also focus on the syllable processes in Gunganchi language. 4. 1TONE SYSTEM IN GUNGANCHI Davenport and Hannahs (2005 84-85) states that In some(prenominal) languages, pitch regeneration is used to distinguish one word from another. Languages which use pitch in this way are known as specter languages, and the individual pitch patterns associated with words or syllables are known as strengthens. According to Carlos and Haike (2005 12), inflect languages used pitch contrasts to discover words apart in the same way that languages use vowel and consonant for this purpose. disembodied spirit is the differentiation of two words with the same segmental presentation with the use of its pitch.And a language is said to be a pace language when the differences in word meaning are signaled by the differences in pitch. disembodied spirit is essentially a property of individual syllables or words and also it is typically used as a way of distinguishing b etween items at word level (such as minimal pairs, words which are identical except for one component). 4. 1. 1 cantillate Typologies There are two categories of tone a. level tones b. phase tones 4. 1. 1. 1 Level tinctures The tones whereby the pitch is maintained at the same rate for the duration of the syllable are known as level tones (Davenport and Hannahs 2005 85). Level tones are high, mid and low tones. These tones may occur on all syllables.The high tone is indicated by an acute dialect (/), the low tone is marked with a grade accent () and the mid tone is represented as (-) or unmarked. Thus, the mid tone is not marked in Gunganchi. 4. 1. 1. 2 Contour Tones According to Davenport and Hannahs (2005 85), variant tones are tones exhibiting pitch variation during their production. Contour tones consists of the falling tone () which is a tone that starts high and end low, and the rising tone (V) which starts low and end high. Contour tones only appear on monosyllables and o n the final syllables of disyllabic words. 4. 1. 2Tonal Pattern in Gunganchi Gunganchi is a tone language and it is a level tone language which attests to the high, low and mid tones. Each syllable of Gunganchi language bears a tone.Examples of words that bears the high tone in Gunganchi are kwatake(one thing) ? w? sun ribathing fact of low tones in Gunganchi language can be shown in the following examples djahere riaddamatchet Occurrences of mid tones in Gunganchi are alahagw? mijaw wurumoon ajabaplantain However, there are two or more words in Gunganchi language which have exactly the same consonants and vowels but have different meaning because of a difference in contrastive pitch. These are referred to as tonemes that contrast minimally. For instance rotwuaneckHHH rotwuabelly(externall)HHM kwubalohcover(in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML Co-occurrence of tones in GunganchiIn Gunganchi, the low, high and mid tones co-occur. There is the co-occurrence of the low and mid tones, examples are ol? hanose t(ib? town hia(idust Examples of the co-occurrence of high, mid and low tones in Gunganchi are hirokwahorse ibulukw? he goat alakana(afour hundred 4. 2. 1 Functions of Tone in Gunganchi Tone performs two distinct functions, they are a) lexical function b) Grammatical function 4. 2. 1. 1 Lexical Function Tone can be used to key lexical items that have identical segments. For example in Gunganchi kwubalohcover (in hand)HLH kwubalohcloseHML rotwuabelly(external)HHM rotwuaneckHHHNote that the different tonemes have resulted in the differences in the meaning of the words above. 4. 2. 1. 2 Grammatical Function Tone is also used to differentiate between different grammatical forms. But, this function is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3TONAL PROCESSES As with segments, tones are also modified by their environment. Thus, this gives rise to tonal processes. 4. 3. 1 Tone Elision This occurs when two tones are put across morpheme boundary and the final vowel of the first word gets elided causing the tone on it to be elided too. Examples in Gunganchi are ikabiauwapo(ikabiuwapohouse rent moneyhouse itsuriaakatua(itsuriakatua buyshoebuy(a) shoe 4. 3. 2 Tone StabilityIn relation to tone, the issue is that in tone languages, we find that when a vowel desyllabifies or is deleted by some phonological rules, the tone it was bursting charge does not disappear, rather, it shifts its location and shows up on some other vowel. (Goldsmith197630). Example of tone stability in Gunganchi ubula alokat(i ( ubulalokat(i rainy season raintime 4. 3. 3 Tone Spreading This is a tonal process whereby there are more segments than tone, the tone will then spread to the segment as it is a must that the segments bear tone. This process is not found in Gunganchi language. 4. 3. 4 Floating Tone Oyebade (2008 15) says that during derivation, segment is specified for tone but merges with vowel, thus, passing its tonal specification to that vowel. Gunganchi does not have floating tone. 4. 3. 4 Tone ContractionThis is when tone segmentalization creates two identical tones on the same syllable, the two identical tones are contracted to give only one. Gunganchi language does not attest to this tonal process. However, it is observed that there is the case of nasal consonant that bears tone. Such nasal is referred to as a syllabic nasal because it is taken as a vowel that carries a tone. Examples of this in Gunganchi are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person In the words above, the nasal n bears the high tone which makes it to function the way other vowels functions. 4. 4SYLLABLE STRUCTURE The syllable is a supra-segmental unit. It can be easily recognized in a language.Davenport and Hannahs (2005 73) states that One such articulatorily based attempt at the definition involves the picture of a tit pulse or initiator burst, that is, a powerful contraction in the chest (involving the lungs) which corresponds to the production of a syllable each syllable, on this view , involves one burst of muscular energy. Williamson (1984) defines the syllable as the smallest unit of language which can be pronounced. It is a unit of sound made up of one or more segments during which there is a single chest pulse and a single peak of sonority. Hyman (1975 188) states that a syllable is made up of an onset, and a core. And the core is further dual-lane into a peak and coda. However, a syllable is divided into three parts 1) The onset 2) The core or nucleus 3) The coda The syllable can be represented thus Syllable OnsetCore period (Nucleus)Coda C V(C) This can be illustrated in the example in Gunganchi below joh stand (up) ( OnsetCore ConsonantPeakCoda (Nucleus) JVowel(Consonant) ( h The syllable coda and onset are made up of consonant segments while the peak is made up of vowel segment and syllabic consonants. The peak is an compulsory part of the syllable, thus, there must be a peak. The onset (beginning) and coda (end) which usually consist of consonant(s) ar e optional parts of the syllable. Each syllable carries at least one significant unit of tone in tonal languages. 4. 4. 1 Types of Syllable A syllable can be either an open syllable or closed syllable.It is language specific some languages may exhibit either of the two syllable types while some languages make use of the two (open and closed syllables) like Gunganchi language. 4. 4. 1. 1Open Syllable This is a syllable in which words end in a vowel, it is a syllable without the coda. Examples in Gunganchi are ububaleaf akahojvillage babichildren hilelioelephant 4. 4. 1. 2 unsympathetic Syllable Closed syllable is a syllable typology that has at least one consonant following the vowel or closing the nucleus. Examples are lakapitwohold(opp. new) kakaw shoot rimonohwork Gunganchi attests to both the open and closed syllable. 4. 5SYLLABLE STRUCTURE RULE IN GUNGANCHI This is the rule that states the possible sequence of sounds or segment in a syllable.Words differ with regard to the numb er of syllables contained in them. Some words have just one syllable, others may have two or more, hence, words are classified as being syllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic and polysyllabic depending on how many syllable(s) such words have. The syllable structures in Gunganchi are CV VCV N- Syllable Structure Cw- Syllable Structure Cj- Syllable Structure 4. 5. 1 CV-Syllable Structure The CV-syllable structure is the most common type of syllable structure in Gunganchi. It is mostly found in monosyllabic and disyllabic or trisyllabic and polysyllabic. 4. 5. 1. 1 CV-Structure in Monosyllabic Monosyllabic is a word having a single syllable.For instance, in Gunganchi djahere 4. 5. 1. 2 CV-Structure in syllabic Disyllabic is a word consisting of two syllables. For example nanacome ribathing riwocorpse hinobee 4. 5. 1. 3 CV-Structure in Trisyllabic A word consisting of three syllables is called trisyllabic. Examples of such words in Gunganchi language are rihamafood rirogwocassava rigwula p oke hi(ahohawk 4. 5. 1. 4 CV-Structure in syllabic Polysyllabic is a word consisting of more than three syllables. Examples in Gunganchi language are ribulukwucooking hamatsaromaize rit(at(? puachin ri(iteitwohat/cap 4. 5. 2 VCV-Syllable StructureExamples of VCV-syllable structure in Gunganchi language are illustrated below uwidie ut(aguest(stranger) ubichild ut? father 4. 5. 3 N-Syllable Structure This type of syllable is a syllabic-nasal. It will be interpreted as a vowel because like a vowel, the syllabic nasal carries at tone. In Gunganchi, examples are nduwaperson nduwakabiold person ndukamiman 4. 5. 4 Cw-Syllable Structure The CwV structure in Gunganchi includes the following hitsokwutsoguinea fowl ukwuluroom mutwoashes 4. 5. 5 Cj-Syllable Structure Examples in Gunganchi language are inagjipull (ikjitwolearn gjiranadescend CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5. 0SUMMARY This research work has examined the phonological aspects of Gunganch i language. Words are said to be well-patterned and the principles of well-formedness are followed. The method used for the data collection in this research work is the direct translation method from English language to Gunganchi language based on the Ibadan 400 word-list. There was a direct interview with the informant, thus, data elicitation was carried out. The essence of using the abstemiousen up data is to be able to make linguistically significant generalizations. This project work is divided into five chapters.Chapter one is the introductory part which dealt with the general background of Gunganchi people, their sociocultural profile, genetic classification of the language, the scope and organization of study, review of the chosen theoretical framework, data collection and data analysis. Chapter two of this work examined the basic phonological concepts. The sound inventory which involves the tonal inventory and syllable inventory of Gunganchi language was discussed, also, t heir sound distributions whereby the distinctive features was examined. The third chapter then discussed phonology itself, thus, examined the phonological processes in Gunganchi language. Meanwhile, the phonological processes found in Gunganchi language are assimilation, nasalisation, labialisation, palatalisation, first appearance and vowel elision. However, the phonological rules were also accounted for.Chapter four of this work discussed the tonal and syllable processes. These processes were well examined with illuminating examples from Gunganchi language. Finally, chapter five summarized the work. It also made observations, recommendations and conclusion. 5. 1FINDING/OBSERVATIONS bulk of Gunganchi speakers also speak Hausa language and it is observed that some words in Gunganchi are borrowed from Hausa language. Gunganchi language attests to both open syllable structure and closed syllable structure. Also, when some words in Gunganchi occur across morpheme boundary, the last vo wel of the first word gets deleted. There is the case of consonant cluster in Gunganchi language which is another observation.It was also observed that Gunganchi attest to the level tones (high, mid, low) and these tones co-occur in words. Finally, there are some words in Gunganchi that differs as a result of tone which is tonemic contrast. 5. 2RECOMMENDATIONS Through this research, useful insight has been gaunt from the phonological aspects of Gunganchi language. As a matter of fact, the language has not been exposed to complete(a) linguistic scrutiny. There is need for linguists to focus their attention more on the language. This project has studied the aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi language. I hereby recommend that linguists should shed more light on this aspect and other aspects of Gunganchi language. Researchers who would like to research further onGunganchi will find this research work a reliable reference. 5. 3CONCLUSION Some aspects of the phonology of Gunganchi la nguage have been surveyed. For want of space and time, it has not been possible to treat all aspects of the language. However, I hope this study will motivate further research in the language. REFERENCES Carlos, G. and Haike, J. (2005). discretion Phonology (2nd Edition). Great Britain Hodder Arnold. Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental Phonology. MIT DIssertion IVLC, New York Grandland Press. Hyman, L. M. (1975). Phonology Theory and Analysis. 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